About the Author
My name is Ethan Bouche, and I am a 2nd year graduate student at the University of Michigan where I am pursuing a Master of Public Health (MPH) in population and health sciences. My background is in anthropology, and I have been teaching English in Japan since I finished my undergraduate degree. Through my coursework, I have realized my passion for working with health data, and I am excited to start a career in health data analytics after completing my MPH.
My Research Project
My project was to describe COVID-19 mortality within the California Teachers Study (CTS) and determine whether COVID-19 contributed to excess death among participants. Excess death means the difference between expected death and observed death over a period of time. In other words, did more people die during a specific period than we would expect?
To answer this question, my analysis looked at mortality in the CTS from three different perspectives: the top five causes of death from 2019 - 2021, cause of death groupings, and the age distribution of the top five causes of death.
The top five causes of death
In 2020, COVID-19 replaced congestive heart failure as the 3rd leading cause of death among CTS participants. In 2021, it replaced atherosclerotic heart disease to become the 2nd leading cause of death. Despite COVID-19 suddenly entering the top five leading causes of death, this does not necessarily prove that COVID-19 contributed to excess deaths. It is possible that in the absence of COVID-19, these deaths might have still occurred due to other causes.
Top Causes in 2019 | % of Deaths | Top Causes in 2020 | % of Deaths | Top Causes in 2021 | % of Deaths | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Alzheimer’s Disease | 12.9% | Alzheimer’s Disease | 12.6% | Alzheimer’s Disease | 12.3% |
2. | Atherosclerotic Heart Disease | 5.7% | Atherosclerotic Heart Disease | 5.4% | COVID-19 | 5.6% |
3. | Congestive Heart Failure | 4.0% | COVID-19 | 4.2% | Atherosclerotic Heart Disease | 4.4% |
4. | Acute Myocardial Infarction | 3.6% | Breast Cancer | 3.5% | Lung Cancer | 3.4% |
5. | Breast Cancer | 3.4% | Congestive Heart Failure | 3.4% | Breast Cancer | 3.3% |
Cause of death groupings
Next, I grouped similar causes of death into nine groups: cardiovascular disease, cancer, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, pneumonia and influenza, other cardiopulmonary diseases, external causes, and all other causes of death. I then compared the distribution of deaths in each group in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Grouping the causes of death in this way allowed me to observe if including COVID-19 deaths in the external causes group in 2020 and 2021 corresponded with a decrease in deaths in any of the other groups, which would indicate that COVID-19 likely replaced other causes of death.
Including COVID-19 deaths in the external causes group caused this grouping to rise from the 7th (in 2020) to the 5th (in 2021) largest cause of death group. At the same time, the number of deaths and relative size of remaining eight groups stayed the same in 2020 and 2021.
| Cause of Death 2019 | Cause of Death 2020 | Cause of Death 2021 |
1. | Cardiovascular Disease | Cardiovascular Disease | Cardiovascular Disease |
2. | Cancer | Cancer | Cancer |
3. | Dementia | Dementia | Dementia |
4. | All Other Causes | All Other Causes | All Other Causes |
5. | COPD | External Causes (including COVID-19) | External Causes (including COVID-19) |
6. | Other Cardiopulmonary | COPD | COPD |
7. | External Causes | Other Cardiopulmonary | Other Cardiopulmonary |
8. | Diabetes | Diabetes | Diabetes |
9. | Pneumonia & Influenza | Pneumonia & Influenza | Pneumonia & Influenza |
Statistical tests showed that distribution of deaths among these nine groups in 2020 and 2021 was significantly different than the distribution in 2019. This finding, combined with the observed stability of the other groupings, suggests that COVID-19 contributed to excess deaths in the CTS.
Age distribution
I also calculated the age-specific mortality rate and age distribution of the common causes of deaths in the CTS. Calculating age-specific mortality helps us identify differences in mortality rates between age groups. I then compared the age distribution of a cause of death in 2020 or 2021 (after the COVID-19 pandemic began) with the age distribution for that same cause of death in 2019.
When I compared the age distribution of COVID-19 deaths to the size of the population in each age group, I found that more older participants died from COVID-19 than we would expect based on the size of the population in that age group. I also found that the age distribution of all causes of death in 2020 and 2021, the two years for which we have COVID-19 death data, was statistically significantly different than the age distribution of deaths in 2019.
Conclusion
This analysis suggests that COVID-19 contributed to excess deaths among CTS participants. Future research is needed to investigate how other factors such as race, socioeconomic status, or healthcare use might affect mortality trends.
Future Goals
This analysis allowed me to apply the skills in epidemiology, biostatistics, and R programming I have learned in my courses to answer research questions in an ongoing study. Through this project, I have found an interest in investigating mortality patterns in a population. As I approach the end of my degree and the start of a new career, I hope to have the opportunity to continue conducting research and analysis in this area.